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Educational psychologist
An educational psychologist is a psychologist whose differentiating functions may include diagnostic and psycho-educational assessment, psychological counseling in educational communities (students, teachers, parents and academic authorities), community-type psycho-educational intervention, and mediation, coordination, and referral to other professionals, at all levels of the educational system. Many countries use this term to signify those who provide services to students, their teachers, and families while other countries use this term to signify academic training in the discipline of educational psychology, with no intention of preparing persons to provide services.
==Specific facts==
Psychology is a so well developed discipline that allows different specializations: a) clinical and health psychology, b) work and organizational psychology, c) educational psychology, etc.〔Cameron, R. J. (2006). Educational psychology: The distinctive contribution. ''Educational Psychology in Practice'', 22, 289-304.〕〔Fagan, T. K., & Wise, P. S. (Eds.). (2007).'' School psychology: Past, present and future (3rd ed.)''. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists. ISBN 978-0-932955-71-5.〕〔Jimerson, S. R., Oakland, T. D., & Farrel, P. T. (Eds.).(2007). ''The handbook of international school psychology.'' Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN 978-1-4129-2669-0.〕〔Mayer, R., & Alexander, P. A. (Eds.) . (2010). ''Handbook of research on learning and instruction''. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-80461-5.〕〔Reynolds, W. M., & Miller, G. J. (Eds.).(2003). ''Handbook of psychology. Vol. 7: Educational Psychology.'' New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-38406-9.〕〔Wittrock, M. C. (1992). «An empowering conception of educational psychology». ''Educational Psychologist, 27'', 129-141.〕〔Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (Eds.). (2003). ''Educational psychology: A century of contributions''. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. ISBN 978-0-8058-3682-0.〕 What differentiates an educational psychologist from other psychologists or specialists is constituted by an academic triangle whose vertexes are represented by three categories: teachers, students and curricula (see diagram). The use of plural in these three cases assumes two meanings: a) the traditional or official one and b) other more general derived from our information and knowledge society. The plural also indicates that nowadays we can no longer consider the average student or teacher, or a closed curriculum, but the enormous variety found in our students, teachers and curricula. The triangle vertexes are connected by two-directional arrows, allowing four-fold typologies instead of the traditional two-way relationships (e.g., teacher-student). In this way, we can find, in different educational contexts, groups of good teachers and students (excellent teaching/learning processes and products), groups of good teachers but bad students, and groups of bad teachers and good students, producing in both cases lower levels of academic achievements. In addition, we can find groups of bad teachers and bad students (school failure).
This specific work of an educational psychologist takes place in different contexts: micro-, meso- and macro-systems.〔Bonfenbrenner, U. (1979). ''The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-22457-4.〕 Microsystems refer to family contexts, where atmosphere, hidden curriculum, and expectations and behaviors of all family members determine, to a large extent, the educational development of each student. The term mesosystem refers to all variety of contexts found in educational institutions, knowing that different variables such as geographical location, institution marketing or type of teachers and students, etc., can influence the academic results of students. Macrosystem has a much more general and global nature, leading us, for example, to considerer the influence that the different societies or countries have on educational final products. One illustrative example of this level can be the analyses carried out on data gathered by the PISA reports.This approach would be the essence of educational psychology versus school psychology for many of U.S. educational researchers and for Division 15 of APA.
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